保温陶瓷的抗热震性研究与探讨

闭孔发泡陶瓷保温装饰产品属于战略性新兴产业,它作为绿色陶瓷的代表性产品,近年来从无到有,再到进入国家绿色建材产品序列,许多科技工作者为之付出了努力。由于生产者和建设者对于建筑耐久年限的误解,导致许多研究者、生产者和销售者产生诸多困惑,如我国建筑平均寿命只有30年,保温陶瓷产品定价高,市场状况如何?保温陶瓷产品的耐久年限有没有必要设计为100年,又该如何设计?笔者从建筑设计年限、标准方法设计、保温陶瓷循环疲劳影响因素、循环疲劳研究价值几个角度作一陈述并与大家共同探讨。     

蠕墨铸铁加工研究现状

蠕墨铸铁因为其优秀的力学性能越来越多地被应用在工业当中,特别是在汽车工业中制造高性能和轻质量的柴油发动机方面,已经成为替代灰铸铁的理想材料。然而,蠕墨铸铁优秀的力学性能,使得蠕墨铸铁加工成为一个难题,加工过程存在速度过快刀具过早失效或速度过慢表面质量不达标等问题。基于存在的问题和目前的研究进展,综述了蠕墨铸铁切削机制、内部成分、切削刀具等对加工蠕墨铸铁的影响,并进一步对刀具角度、表面涂层、切削参数、冷却方法等研究进行了介绍,指出了蠕墨铸铁的未来研究方向和发展趋势。     

精密齿轮传动RV减速器研究现状

RV减速器因具有传动精度高、回差小和寿命长等优点,被广泛应用于精密机械系统中。梳理了国内外RV减速器的研究现状,展示了RV减速器传动误差、回差、扭转刚度、磨损寿命和加工工艺方面研究成果,分析对比国内外现阶段RV减速器产品性能,发现国产产品在精度保持性和产品一致性方面与国外仍存在差距。最后从研究层面对国内RV减速器的发展提出了针对性建议。     

工程机械用液压马达剩余寿命预测

为了进行工程机械用液压马达剩余寿命预测,基于容积效率、Wiener过程以及支持向量机回归,提出一种剩余寿命预测方法。开展液压马达全寿命试验,运用非线性支持向量机回归算法处理原始数据,基于极大似然估计法和贝叶斯更新策略建立Wiener过程模型,完成液压马达剩余寿命预测。结果表明：液压马达容积效率随冲击次数变化有明显下降趋势;非线性支持向量机回归在考虑退化数据随机性的基础上提高了规律性;基于Wiener过程的剩余寿命预测方法能够准确、可靠地预测液压马达的剩余服役寿命。     

热障涂层演变、失效理论及模型建立研究进展

目的 热障涂层(Thermal Barrier Coatings, TBCs)是用于保护热端部件的功能性涂层,但在复杂工况的影响下易于呈现提前破坏和过早失效的特点。以应用最广泛的钇稳定氧化锆(YSZ)双层热障涂层系统为例,阐述其服役过程中的结构和性能演变,分析失效机理,总结寿命预测模型并介绍相关模拟技术。方法 分别对经历不同条件高温氧化实验后的热障涂层开展元素渗透引起的界面微观结构变化、随反应进行发生的界面宏观结构变化以及高温引起的涂层本征性能变化分析,并且基于多种热力学实验结论和断裂力学、损伤力学等理论,结合有限元模拟手段,研究涂层内部结构变化过程,选用不同种类的标准有限元模型,建立条件选择方法以及典型的动态模拟扩展技术,观察裂纹导致涂层断裂等过程。结果 总结了目前常用的唯象寿命模型、断裂力学模型和损伤力学模型等失效寿命理论模型,提出相关失效评价方法。结论 随着航空发动机效率的不断提高,热障涂层必须面对更高的进气温度和更严峻、更复杂的工况,需要进一步丰富失效理论、完善失效寿命模型、仿真手段和相应数据库,同时其在开发新材料、新结构、新工艺、涂层组织纳米化等方面也有很大的研究和发展空间。     

Evaluation of Tensile and Fatigue Properties of Metals Using Small Specimens

Small specimens are increasingly being used in getting mechanical properties directly when there are limited materials to facilitate standard specimens, which play a great role in the rapid measurement of mechanical properties and residual life assessment of in-service reactor components. Although tensile and fatigue properties of the small specimens are investigated extensively, theoretical models for describing the mechanical properties of small specimens need to be established. Here, we conduct a systematic investigation of tensile and fatigue properties of pure Cu specimens with thicknesses ranging from 3 to 0.2 mm. The results show that the decrease in uniform elongation of the 0.2 mm-thick specimens is mainly due to the effects of grain boundary and free surface on the strain hardening rate. A modified theoretical model correlated with the ratio of the surface grain layer thickness to the grain size is proposed to predict variation in yield strength of the small specimens more accurately. Furthermore, the mechanism for the difference in fatigue life between the 0.2 mm-thick specimen and other thicker specimens is elucidated. The Basquin equation-based model is presented as a potential way to evaluate the fatigue life of metals using small specimens.     

固着纯组分液滴蒸发的研究综述

本文对固着纯组分液滴的蒸发研究现状进行了综合评述。介绍了固着液滴蒸发的恒接触半径模式、恒接触角模式及混合模式,分析了完全润湿和部分润湿两种固着液滴的蒸发过程及其特点,系统讨论固着液滴的蒸发动力学理论规律,并对固着液滴蒸发的实验研究进行了简要介绍。     

Virtual prediction and constraint of contour errors induced by cutting force disturbances on multi-axis CNC machine tools

This paper presents a strategy to virtually predict and constrain the contouring errors contributed by cutting force disturbances on feed drives. The tracking errors on each feed drive are predicted as a linear function of tangential feed by evaluating the product of estimated power spectrum of cutting forces and disturbance frequency response function along the tool path in virtual CAM environment. The corresponding tool tip contouring and tool axis orientation errors are estimated and constrained by scaling the feed along the tool path. The algorithm is experimentally illustrated to improve the machining accuracy on a 5 Axis CNC machine tool.     

基于环境效能的屋顶绿化研究性设计——以同济大学屋顶花园为例

当前国际前沿的屋顶绿化研究表明,屋顶绿化的城市能源和城市生态环境等环境综合效能越来越受重视。结合屋顶绿化全生命周期分析,提出基于环境效能的“预研究、深化设计、效能评估”的屋顶绿化研究性设计,并将此设计方法应用于实际案例Joy Garden屋顶花园中,对其进行风环境和日照模拟,初步设计出3种方案,从安全性、环境效益和全生命周期的角度评价并确定最佳方案,在此基础上进行基于环境效能的深化设计项目建成后的效能评估结果表明,案例屋顶花园在建筑节能、雨洪管理、改善城市热环境、增加城市生物多样性等提高环境效能方面均起到一定的积极作用。     

Collapse safety margin-oriented seismic retrofit strategy for corroded reinforced concrete frames using fibre reinforced plastics

Considering residual service life, this paper presents a collapse safety margin-oriented seismic retrofit strategy for corroded reinforced concrete (RC) frames using fibre reinforced plastics (FRP). With the assumed uniform corrosion model, corrosion-induced initial damage combined with subsequent earthquake-induced damage is identified by the multi-mode-based global damage model developed previously. The collapse-level earthquake intensity determined by incremental dynamic analyses (IDA) with the damage model and the maximum considered earthquake (MCE)-level intensity considering residual service life are combined to generate the time-variant collapse safety margin assessment of corroded RC structures. Based on this assessment, the collapse safety margin-oriented FRP seismic retrofit strategy is proposed and demonstrated on a 4-storey frame. The damage model originally developed for earthquake scenarios has also exhibited its rationality for characterising corrosion-induced initial damage and its influence on coupled damage development with subsequent earthquake excitation. Seismic retrofitting with FRP composites should consider the effects of the corrosion development stage, target collapse safety margin and residual service life. FRP retrofits can cause decreases in the MCE-level collapse probability and increases in the collapse resistance of corroded RC structures. Retrofitting carried out at different times achieves different efficiencies and different time-variant collapse safety margins within the residual service life.